Understanding the Phylogenetic Relationships of Southeast Asian Mouth-Brooding Betta Fighting Fish Based on Mitochondrial COI and Nuclear ITS1 DNA Sequences

Betta Simorum Male Photo by Pak Mul

Introduction: Astonishing phylogenetic relationships of mouth-brooding Betta The Betta genus, commonly known for the colorful Betta fighting fish, has captivated aquarists and researchers alike. These fish, native to Southeast Asia, are well-known not only for their striking appearance and aggressive behavior but also for their unique reproductive strategies, particularly mouth-brooding. This reproductive method, where the […]

Classification and Conservation of a Rare Betta Species. Betta Macrostoma: The Jewel of Borneo

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Betta macrostoma: The Jewel of Borneo Introduction to Betta macrostoma Betta macrostoma, a species that fascinates both aquarists and biologists, is a remarkable member of the Osphronemidae family within the Perciformes order. Known for its vibrant coloration and unique reproductive behavior, Betta macrostoma is also a species of significant conservation concern. This stunning fish is […]

Wild Type Betta Fish Species Locality and Characteristics

Various wild type betta fish species in their natural habitats.

Introduction to Wild Type Betta Fish Wild type betta fish represent a fascinating aspect of aquatic biodiversity, particularly within the genus Betta. Unlike their flamboyant, selectively bred counterparts, these wild species showcase the raw beauty of nature, often exhibiting subtle yet striking colors, unique behaviors, and adaptations to their native environments. Understanding the variety and […]

Discover the Enigmatic Betta Imbellis in Malaysia: Top Tips and Insights

Betta Imbellis fish in a Malaysian aquarium

What is Effective Microorganisms (EM)?

Stout Bits Fish Pellet with EM4 Effective Microorganism

What is Effective Microorganisms (EM)? EM, short for Effective Microorganisms, refers to blends of bacteria resulting from naturally regulated fermentation processes, without any genetic or chemical manipulation. It is a safe, 100% organic mixture consisting of various bacteria types including photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (commonly found in dairy products), yeast (found in bread), actinomycetes, […]

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